Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods and on the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals
Classification of desensitized explosives for the purposes of supply and use: Test results on industrial nitrocellulose
Transmitted by the International Council of Chemical Associations (ICCA)
Introduction
1. During the last meetings of the Sub-Committee of Experts of the Transport of Dangerous Goods and the Sub-Committee of Experts on the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals both sub-committees supported the continuation of the work on the development of criteria for the classification of desensitized explosives for supply and use (reports ST/SG/AC.10/C.3/80 and ST/SG/AC.10/C.4/44). The experts were also asked to provide test results about typical desensitized explosives to the Working Group on Explosives.
2. The Working Group on Desensitized Explosives examined the list of desensitized explosives currently assigned to Class 3 and Division 4.1 and tentatively categorised them with regard to the dominant hazard (ST/SG/AC.10/C.3/2009/11). The experts found that the hazard of desensitized explosives varies considerably.
3. In Germany substances having explosive properties are classified according to their hazard (“Directive for the assignment of storage classes for substances having explosive properties (SprengLR011)”). This covers mainly substances considered to be non-intentional explosives, i.e. substances which have not been manufactured with the intention of producing an explosive or pyrotechnic effect in practice.
4. ICCA, on behalf of the Worldwide Nitrocellulose Producers Association (WONIPA), which represents manufacturers of industrial nitrocellulose and accounts for 80% of the worldwide production (approximately 200.000 tpa), herewith presents test results and the test method used in Germany by the competent authority (Federal Institute for Material Research and Testing (BAM)). Provided that there is no mass explosion or projection hazard, substances which may show explosive properties (e.g. desensitized explosives as industrial nitrocellulose) are classified into four types (“storage groups”) according to their burning rate in a bonfire test. For reasons of comparability this burning rate is given in relation to a quantity of 10.000 kg.
I.  Background
5. WONIPA members deliver since more than 30 years industrial nitrocellulose products to the German market (currently approximately 10.000 tpa, as UN 2555, 2556 and 2557 ) and have ample experience with the German test method and the assignment to storage groups.
6. The German test methods appropriately identify the burning rate and heat radiation hazards for the different nitrocellulose grades. All tests of products produced by WONIPA members have been performed by BAM with the industrial nitrocellulose packed in UN approved fibre board boxes (4G) or fibre drums (1G) according to packing instruction P406.
7. All these industrial nitrocellulose products tested by BAM in the last 30 years had an ignition temperature above 180 °C for UN 2555 and UN 2556 and above 170 °C for UN 2557. Tests of ignition temperature were done according to section 2.3.2 of ADR .
8. Annex 1 provides the results for more than 200 industrial nitrocellulose products, classified by BAM. The range of product composition, norm viscosities and nitrogen content are representative for nearly all grades of industrial nitrocellulose products produced worldwide.
9.  Without any exception all the industrial nitrocellulose products tested over the last 30 years were classified by BAM as flammable solids, desensitized explosives of Division 4.1 (see Annex 1), none were classified as explosive. For each product BAM has issued a certificate stating the storage group and the burning speed of the tested nitrocellulose product.
10.  The users of industrial nitrocellulose in Germany are informed about the storage group and the fire hazard for each nitrocellulose product delivered to them, as the storage group is printed on the label of every nitrocellulose package.
11. Annex 2 describes the test method for determining the 10.000 kg burning rate and the assignment of substances, having explosive properties, into storage groups.
II. Proposal
12. WONIPA proposes to introduce the German classification system of storage groups for industrial nitrocellulose products worldwide, by adding the test method for the determination of the burning rate as a test method for desensitized explosives in the UN Manual of Tests and Criteria, maybe as test 6(e), and by introducing a special provision for industrial nitrocellulose in the new chapter which has to be created in the GHS.
13. The information about the storage group could be included in the safety data sheets. Comparable test methods are also used in other countries e.g. the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.
 III. Justification
14. The German system has proven to achieve a high safety level.
15. As the whole range of industrial nitrocellulose products produced worldwide was already tested by BAM in the last 30 years, there are no additional tests necessary, which would save costs for industry worldwide.

Annex 1
Test results
1.  All industrial nitrocellulose products worldwide can be made comparable based upon their nitrogen content and their Norm-viscosities (according to DIN EN ISO 14446). WONIPA has therefore used this method for presenting the results of the BAM tests in the following table. It should be noted that BAM also uses the Norm-viscosities in the publications of the storage group classifications, whereby the storage group classification refers to the storage of industrial nitrocellulose in warehouses.
2. According to their Nitrogen content three types of industrial nitrocellulose products have been defined:
(a)  E grades as ester soluble products with nitrogen content from 11.8 to 12.3 %;
(b)  M-grades as medium soluble grades with nitrogen content of 11.3 to 11.8 %; and
(c)  A-grades as alcohol soluble grades with a nitrogen content of 10.7 to 11.3 %.
The testing results have been grouped accordingly into 3 separate tables.
3. The first column of the tables provides the types of the industrial nitrocellulose, which are identified according to ISO 14446 by a combination of two elements:
(a) A 1- or 2-digit number, which indicates the concentration of the NC solution that is required for a viscosity of 400 +-25 mPa.s and
(b) A letter which identifies the solvent in which the NC-product is soluble:
• E stands for ester soluble
• M stands for medium soluble
• A stands for alcohol soluble
For example for the NC-type 4E in the first table, with a concentration of 4 %, a viscosity of 400 +-25 mPa.s.is achieved.
The viscosities are measured in a solvent mixture of 95 % acetone/5 % water with a Höppler viscometer. Historically industrial nitrocellulose types have been developed for a number of Norm-viscosities only and not for all Norm-viscosities. As it is technically possible to produce products with all Norm-viscosities, all relevant Norm-viscosities were entered in the tables, but some cells in the tables therefore remain empty.
4.  The results of the tests are presented per phlegmatizer content.
Compilation of storage group classifications for NC-Norm grades according to SprengLR011 made by BAM in the years from 1981 to 2011
(a) Part Ester soluble E-grades with a Nitrogen Content of 11.8 to 12.3 %

Compilation of storage group classifications for NC-Norm grades according to SprengLR011 made by BAM in the years from 1981 to 2011 (continued)
(b) Part Medium soluble M-grades with a Nitrogen content of 11.3 to 11.8 %

Compilation of storage group classifications for NC-Norm grades according to SprengLR011 made by BAM in the years from 1981 to 2011 (continued)
(c) Part Alcohol-soluble A-grades with a Nitrogen content of 10.7 to 11.3 %

Annex 2
Determination of the 10.000 kg scale burning rate
1. Introduction
1.1. The test series for the determination of the burning rate at 10.000 kg scale are used to determine the behavior of desensitized explosives in packages, involved in a fire resulting from external or internal sources. The 10.000 kg-scale burning rate can be used for classification into different types.
The series 6 types 6 (a) and 6 (b) are performed with the desensitized explosives in package in alphabetical order before the test series for determination of burning rate by large-scale testing are performed.
However, it is not always necessary to conduct tests of all types. Test type 6 (b) may be waived if in each type 6 (a) test:
(a)  The exterior of the package is undamaged by internal detonation and/or ignition; or
(b)     The contents of the package fail to explode, or explode as feebly as would exclude propagation of the explosive effect from one package to another in test type 6(b).
Test for determination of the burning rate by large-scale test can be waived if in test type 6 (b) there is an instantaneous explosion of the nearly total contents of the stack. In this case the product is assigned to Division 1.1.
1.2. If a substance gives a "—" result (no propagation of detonation) in the Series 1 type 1(a) test, the 6(a) test with a detonator may be waived. If a substance gives a "—" result (no or slow deflagration) in a Series 2 type 2(c) test, the 6 (a) test with an igniter may be waived.
2.  Test description
2.1. Introduction
The burning rate is defined as the burning rate of a mass of 10.000 kg. In practice, this burning is determined using a stack of packages with a total mass approximately 500 kg.
The tests are performed with the substances in the packages as applied for storage.
All types of packages are subjected to the tests unless:
(a) The desensitized explosive, including any package, can be unambiguously assigned to a burning rate and type by a competent authority on the basis of results from other tests or of available information; or
(b) The desensitized explosive, including any package is assigned to Division 1.1.
2.2. Apparatus and materials
The test performance is arranged in such a way that the most unfavorable results will be obtained.
The following items are needed:
Tests are performed in singular (i.e. without a replicate) with:
(a) 1, 6 and 10 packages, up to a maximum total weight of 500 kg with packages up to weight 25 kg;
(b) 1, 3 and 6 packages, up to a maximum weight of 500 kg with packages with a weight between 25 kg and 50 kg;
(c) 1 or more packages, up to a maximum of total weight of 500 g with packages with a weight over 50 kg;
(d) Suitable catch-trays;
(e) Wooden pallets (DIN 15146), wood-wool and fuel;
(f)  Suitable ignition means of ignition to ignite the wooden pallets/ wood-wool;
(h) Cine or video cameras, thermo columns or infrared sensors.
The number of tests and/or the total mass (whereas necessary) are increased if the test results and the corresponding hazards cannot be adequately evaluated.
2.3. Procedure
The packages are placed on wooden and leveled pallets. The pallets are placed in one (or two, if necessary) catch-trays. A catch-tray must comprise at least one complete pallet including 10 cm open space all around the pallet. Flammable material is placed under and around the packages in such a way that an optimum ignition of the desensitized explosive is guaranteed.
NOTE: A quantity of about 10 kg dry wood-wool is usually sufficient. The wooden pallets and the dry wood-wool shall be soaked with a liquid mixture of fuel (light heating oil 90 % and light petrol 10 %).
The heat of radiation is measured during the test by suitable equipment at, at least three locations with three different distances from the seat of fire.
The distances are:
(a) sufficiently large, on the one hand
(b) so as to enable detection of sufficient large signals with respect to the resolution of the equipment, on the other hand.
Suitable equipment to measure e.g. the radiation, are calibrated thermo columns or infrared sensors.
The signals are continuously recorded. The starting-point of the fire outbreak is defined as the moment when a reaction of the test substance is detected. The end of the fire is determined from registered radiation curves.
2.4. Evaluation of the test and calculation of the burning rate of 10.000 kg of desensitized explosives
If a mass explosion or individual explosions or metallic projections (fragments) occur, the desensitized explosives are classified in Class 1.
(a) The end of the fire is characterized by a decrease in radiation level I, as caused by the fire, to less than 5 % of the maximum level Imax;
(b) The effect of either remainders or burning materials, if present, shall be taken into account in the evaluation;
(c) The burning time t is the time span between the starting point and the end of the fire;
(d) The burning rate A [kg/min] can be calculated for each tested quantity m [kg] and its corresponding burning time t [min] from the equation:
(e) The percent average radiation efficiency ŋ at a distance from the seat of fire is determined from the measured radiation levels and the theoretical maximum energy;
(f) The theoretical maximum energy is calculated by multiplying the individual mass of tested substance [kg] with the heat of combustion [kJ/kg]. The amount of energy that in practice appears to be transferred by radiation is determined by integrating the area below the measured radiation curve;
(g) To this end a graph is made showing the radiation level I [kW/m2] as a function of time. The complete radiation dose is calculated by integration of the smoothed and corrected curve down to 1 % to 5 % of Imax;
(h) Irelevant is obtained from the maximum of the curve of heat radiation calculated as average value of the radiation by converting the integrated area in a rectangle of equal size during the same time span;
(i) The form factor f that must be taken into account during the maximum fire intensity, can be determined from the formula:
3. Criteria
The criteria for classification is the burning rate AC for a quantity of 10.000 kg of desensitized explosives.
The burning rate AC is determined as follows:
(a) Log A is plotted against log m, where A is the measured burning rate A, and m is the mass of desensitized explosive used for the test. The observed test results are extrapolated by means of this graph to an uncorrected burning rate A for a mass of 10000 kg by applying of the formula:

(b) The extrapolation is, in general best performed on the basis of the largest test quantities. The value A10t shall be corrected to the genuine burning rate for a 10000 kg mass of desensitized explosives Ac by the formula:

in which Hv is the heat of burning of the substance [kJ/kg] (i.e. reaction enthalpy of the burning reaction). AC is the corrected burning rate [kg/min] for a quantity of 10000 kg.
Determination of (storage) types:
Type Ia: The AC is equal or more than 300 kg/min
Type Ib: The AC is equal or more than 140 kg/min but less than 300 kg/min
Type II: The AC is equal or more than 60 kg/min but less than 140 kg/min
Type III: The AC is less 60 kg/min
Examples of results of typical desensitized explosives:
The nitrocellulose formulations are packed in fibre drums (1G) with maximum mass of 100 kg and fibre board boxes (4G) with maximum mass of 25 kg.
Ester soluble E-grades nitrocellulose formulations with different phlegmatizer and a nitrogen content of 11.8 % to 12.3 %

IPA (Isopropanol), ETH (Ethanol), BUT (Butanol)
a) NC-Chips with 20 % plasticizer
Medium soluble M-grades nitrocellulose formulations with different phlegmatizer and a nitrogen content of 11.3 % to 11.8 %

IPA (Isopropanol), ETH (Ethanol), BUT (Butanol)
a) NC-Chips with 20 % plasticizer
Alcohol soluble A-grades nitrocellulose formulations with different phlegmatizer and a nitrogen content of 10.7 % to 11.3 %

IPA (Isopropanol), ETH (Ethanol), BUT (Butanol)
a) NC-Chips with 20 % plasticizer
Literature
[1] German “Guideline for the assignment of substances which may show explosive properties to Storage Groups (SprengLR011)”
[2] Thermal radiation hazards from organic peroxides, Roberts, T.A. and Merrifield, R., J. Loss. Prev. Process Ind. 1990, 3, 244.
[3] Thermal radiation hazard and separation distances for industrial cellulose nitrate, Roberts, T.A. and Merrifield, R., J. Loss. Prev. Process Ind. 1992, 5,311.
[4] Storage of Organic Peroxides, Publication Series on Dangerous Substances 8 (PGS 8), Ministries of Social Affairs and of the Interior, The State Secretary of Housing, Spatial Planning and Environment (VROM), The Netherlands 2006.
[5] The storage and handling of organic peroxides, Guidance Note CS21, Health and Safety Executive, 1998, United Kingdom

联合国危险货物运输专家和全球化学品统一分类和标签制度专家委员会
供应和使用目的的减敏爆炸品分类:工业硝化纤维素的测试结果
化学协会国际理事会提交(ICCA) 
介绍
1. 在上次会议期间，危险品运输专家小组、全球化学品统一分类和标签制度专家委员会都支持继续开展供应和使用的减敏爆炸品分类标准的工作(报告 ST/SG/AC.10/C.3/80 and ST/SG/AC.10/C.4/44).。也要求专家们向爆炸品工作小组提供有关典型减敏爆炸品相关的实验结果。
2. 减敏爆炸品工作组检查了当前被分类为第3类和4.1项的减敏爆炸品，他们暂时性地将这些物质根据主要危险性进行了分组(ST/SG/AC.10/C.3/2009/11)。专家们发现那些减敏爆炸品的危险性差别很大。
3. 在德国有爆炸性的物质按照他们的危险性进行分类（“对有爆炸性的物质给储存分类的指令(SprengLR011)”）这个指令包括的是大多数非有意的爆炸品，即那些不是为了产生实际爆炸和烟火效应而制造的物质。
4.  ICCA代表世界硝化纤维素造商协会（WONIPA)，该协会代表了全球80%工业硝化纤维素的供应商（年产大约200,000吨），在这里给出试验结果和德国主管部门（联邦材料研究与测试研究所（BAM））使用的测试方法。如果没有发生整体爆炸或者迸射危险，那些显示爆炸性的物质（如减敏爆炸品如工业硝化纤维素）可以根据他们在篝火试验中的燃烧速率被分为4种类型（“储存组”）。出于具有可比性的原因，给出的是数量为10.000 kg物质的燃烧速率。

I.  背景
5. 世界硝化纤维素造商协会成员提供了德国市场近30年来的工业硝化纤维素的产品(目前每年大约提供UN编号为 UN 2555, 2556 和2557的硝化纤维素10.000 t) ，并且有着丰富的德国试验方法的经验，给定的储存组为第5组。
6. 德国试验方法根据燃烧速率和热辐射危害对硝化纤维素进行适当的分级。所有世界硝化纤维素造商协会成员生产的产品都是由BAM进行测试的，工业硝化纤维素都使用联合国核证的纤维板箱(4G)或者纤维桶(4G)并按照包装规范P406进行包装。
7. 近30年所有在BAM测试的工业硝化纤维素产品，UN2555和UN2556的着火温度超过180℃ ，UN2557的着火温度超过170℃。 着火温度的测试根据ADR  2.3.2部分中的方法进行。
8. 附件 1 提供了200多个由BAM分类的工业硝化纤维素的结果。产品组成、标准粘度和含氮量几乎涵盖了全世界范围生产的工业硝化纤维素的所有级别。
9.  毫无例外在过去的30年里，所有工业硝化纤维素产品都被BAM分类为易燃固体4.1项中的减敏爆炸品（见附录1）没有被分为爆炸品的。每个产品BAM都发布了证书来说明它的储存组和测试过的硝化纤维素产品的燃烧速率。
10. 在德国，对于每批交付的硝化纤维素产品，工业硝化纤维素的用户都会被告知储存组和火灾危险，因为每个硝化纤维素的包装的标签上都印有储存组。
11. 附件 2 说明了测试10,000Kg燃烧速率的试验方法和分配具有爆炸性物质的储存组的方法。
II. 提议
12. 世界硝化纤维素造商协会成员提出引入德国对全球的工业硝化纤维素储存组的分类系统，可以在试验和标准手册中（例如测试6(e)）为减敏的爆炸品增加确定燃烧速率的试验方法，在GHS中建立的一个新的章节中为硝化纤维素引入一个特殊规定。 
13. 安全技术说明书中可以包含储存组的信息。荷兰和英国也采用类似的测试方法。
III. 理由
14. 德国系统被证实可以达到很高的安全级别.
15. 由于在过去30年中全球生产的所有工业硝化纤维素产品都是由BAM进行的测试，因此已经没有增加额外测试的必要，这会大大降低全球工厂的成本。
 
附件 1

 试验结果
1. 全世界的所有工业硝化纤维素产品都能根据氮含量以及标准粘度（根据DIN EN ISO 14446）来进行比较。因此，世界硝化纤维素造商协会用这种方法把BAM的测试结果记录在以下表格中。值得注意的是BAM在储存组分类的出版物中也使用标准粘度，储存组分类用来对工业硝化纤维素在库房中的储存分类。
2. 工业硝化纤维素根据氮含量可分为3种类型：
(a)  氮含量为11.8%到12.3%的E级酯溶级产品；
(b)  氮含量为11.3%到11.8%的M级中等溶级产品；和
(c)  氮含量在10.7%到11.3%的A级醇溶级产品。
测试结果据此分为3个单独的表格。
3.  表格的第一列给出了工业硝化纤维素的类型，是根据ISO14446通过两个要素组合而形成的类型识别：
(a) 一个一位或两位的数字表示粘度为400±-25 mPa.s时硝化纤维素（NC）溶液的浓度；和
(b) 字母用来表示硝化纤维素产品在溶剂中的溶解性：
• E 代表酯溶
• M  代表中等溶
• A 代表醇溶
例如，在第一个表格中硝化纤维素类型4E，浓度为4%时粘度刻达到400 +-25 mPa 。
粘度是在95%丙酮/5%水的混合溶液中测得。历史上工业硝化纤维素的类型仅开发了一些标准粘度而不是所有标准粘度。由于生产所有标准粘度的产品在技术上是可能的，所有表格中录入了所有相关的标准粘度，但表格中有些格子还是空白。
4.  给出了每种减敏剂含量的试验结果。
由BAM从1981到2011年测试的按照SprengLR011指令对不同级别硝化纤维素的储存组分类汇总表
 (a)  氮含量为11.8%到12.3%的酯溶E级产品部分

由BAM从1981到2011年测试的按照SprengLR011指令对不同级别硝化纤维素的储存组分类汇总表（续）
 (b)  氮含量为11.3%到11.8%的中等溶M级产品部分

由BAM从1981到2011年测试的按照SprengLR011指令对不同级别硝化纤维素的储存组分类汇总表（续）
 (c)  氮含量在10.7%到11.3%的醇溶A级产品部分

附件2
10.000kg规模燃烧速率的测定
1. 介 绍
1.1. 确定10.000 kg规模大小的物品的燃烧速率的试验系列用于确定减敏爆炸品包装件卷入由内部或外部火源造成的大火中时的行为。10.000 kg规模的燃烧速率可用于不同类别的划分。
在用大量样品进行燃烧速率测定的试验系列之前，按试验系列6中6(a)和6(b)的字母顺序对减敏爆炸品包装件进行测试。
然而有时一些产品没有必要做所有类型的试验。如果在6 (a)试验中出现以下情况，可不进行6 (b) 试验：
(a)  包装件外部没有因内部爆轰和/或着火而受到损坏；

(b) 包装件内装物没有爆炸，或者爆炸非常微弱，以致可以排除在6(b)试验中爆炸效应会从一个包装件传播到另一个包装件。
如果在6(b)试验中，几乎全部的堆料物质在瞬间爆炸，那么大规模样品的燃烧速率测试可以免做。在这种情况下将产品分类为1.1项。
1.2. 如果在试验系列1中的1(a)试验中，一个物质的试验结果为“—“ (没有传播爆轰)，那么可以免做使用雷管的6(a)试验。如果在2系列2(c)类型试验中一个物质的试验结果为“—“ (不显示爆燃或缓慢爆燃)，那么可以免做使用点火器的6(a)试验。
2.  试验说明
2.1 介绍
燃烧速率定义为质量为10,000kg的物质的燃烧速率。实际上，使用一堆总质量约为500 kg的包装件来测定燃烧中速率。测试使用的是装载储存所使用的包装件中的物质。
所有的包装类型都应进行测试除非：
(a) 主管部门根据另一个测试的试验结果或已有信息，可以毫无疑问地将一种减敏爆炸品（包括任何包装）划分燃烧速率和类型；或

 (b) 减敏爆炸品（包括任何包装）被划分为1.1项 。
2.2.  设备与材料
测试以可能得到的不利结果的条件下进行。
所需物品：
按以下条件进行一次试验(无需重复试验)：
 (a)  1，6和10个包装，使用重量为25kg的包装件，最大总重量达500kg；
 (b) 1，3和6个包装，使用重量在25kg至50kg之间的包装件，总重量达500kg；
 (c) 1个或多个包装，使用重量超过50kg的包装件，总重量达500kg；
 (d) 合适的收集盘；
 (e) 木质托盘(DIN15146)，细刨花和燃料；
 (f)  合适的点火方式去点燃木托盘/细刨花；
 (h) 摄像设备，热柱和红外传感器。
如果测试结果及相应的危险不能充分的评估，增加测试的数量和/或总质量(必要时)。
2.3. 程序
把箱子放在平稳的木质托盘上，再把托盘放在一个（或者两个，如需要）收集盘上。一个收集盘上必须至少有一个完整的托盘，且托盘周边要有10厘米空间。易燃物应置于箱子底部以及四周，且能确保减敏爆炸品的最佳着火效果。
注：通常需要大约10kg的干细刨花。木质托盘和细刨花应用液体混合燃料浸湿（90%的轻燃料油和10%轻汽油）
用适当的设备在至少离火源距离不同的三个地方测量试验中的辐射热。
距离要求为：
(a) 一方面，足够远
(b) 另一方面，考虑设备的分辨率，能包装足够强的检测信号
适合的测试辐射热的设备为用校准的热柱或者红外传感器。
连续记录信号。着火开始的起始点定义为检测到待测物反应的时刻。着火结束点由记录下的辐射曲线确定。
2.4.   测试评估和10,000kg减敏爆炸品燃烧速率的计算
如果发生整体爆炸或单独爆炸或有金属迸射(碎片),减敏爆炸品被分类为第1类。
(a) 着火结束的特征是由辐射水平I（由着火引起）减少到最高水平Imax的5%的时候；
(b) 结果评估应考虑剩余物质或燃烧物质（如仍然存在）的效应；

(c) 燃烧时间t是从开始着火至着火结束之间的时间间隔；
(d) 燃烧速率A [kg/min]是由待测物质质量m [kg]除以相应的燃烧时间t [min]计算得到的；
(e) 距离着火位置处一定距离的地方的平均辐射效率ŋ由测得的辐射热水平和理论最大能量来确定；
(f) 理论最大能量由各个测试物质质量[kg]与燃烧热[kJ/kg]的乘积计算而得。实际的总能量是由测得的辐射曲线以下的面积积分得到的；
(g) 最后，将辐射水平I [kW/m2]作为时间的函数做曲线。全部的辐射剂量是由平滑和校正过的曲线下降至Imax的1%到5%的部分积分得到；
(h) 由辐射热曲线的最大值获取I相关性数据，该值通过辐射热平均值转化为相同时间间隔同样面积大小的矩形得到；
(i) 这个波形系数f根据公式由最大的火焰强度决定。
3. 标准
分类标准为10,000kg减敏爆炸品的燃烧速率AC。
燃烧速率AC的确定方法如下：
(a) LogA对log m作图，A是测得的燃烧速率A，m是测试使用的减敏爆炸品的质量。利用下面的公式，可将观察到的试验结果通过这个曲线外推到未修正的10000kg物质的燃烧速率：
(b) 外推通常基于大量样品所进行的试验。使用公式将A10t的数值修正到10000 kg减敏爆炸品的燃烧速率Ac。

其中Hv是物质的燃烧热[kJ/kg](即燃烧反应的反应焓)。AC 是10000kg物质燃烧速率修正值[kg/min]。
（储存）类型的确定:
类型 Ia: AC 大于等于300kg/min
类型 Ib: AC 大于等于140kg/min但小于300kg/min
类型 II: AC 大于等于60kg/min但小于140kg/min
类型 III: AC 小于60kg/min
典型减敏爆炸品结果示例：
硝化纤维素以最大质量100 kg装于纤维板桶（1G）以及以最大质量25kg装于纤维板箱(4G)中。
与不同减敏剂组成的氮含量在11.8%到12.3%的E级酯溶硝化纤维素混合物

IPA (异丙醇), ETH (乙醇), BUT (丁醇)
a) 含20%减敏剂的硝化纤维素片
与不同减敏剂组成的含氮量在11.3%到11.8%的M级酯中等溶硝化纤维素混合物

IPA (异丙醇), ETH (乙醇), BUT (丁醇)

a) 含20%减敏剂的硝化纤维素片

与不同减敏剂组成的含氮量在10.7%至11.3%的A级醇溶硝化纤维素混合物